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Tuesday, 2 April 2013
Sensitive sites: Research examines preservation of Southwest archaeology in time of tight budgets
Apr. 2, 2013 ? When surveying in the Upper Basin of the Grand Canyon National Park in April 2011, University of Cincinnati faculty and students discovered a previously unknown 17-room subterranean pueblo that likely dates back to the 12th century.
For UC anthropology graduate student Ryan Washam, that find -- in which he took part -- helped spark his current research in how federal agencies are conducting archaeological and environmental protection and preservation efforts in a time of tight budgets.
Washam, 23, of Florence, Ky., will present a case study of protection and preservation efforts in two locales. He examines such efforts in about one-and-a-half square miles of the Upper Basin of the south rim of the Grand Canyon National Park, which is managed by the U.S. National Park Service. He also examines protection and preservation efforts in about eight square miles of the adjacent Kaibab National Forest managed by the U.S. Forest Service and the Department of Agriculture.
He will present his case study findings in a paper titled "Archaeology in Distress: Federal Land Management and Vulnerable Landscapes" at the April 3-7 Society for American Archaeology annual conference. His research builds on about 25 years' worth of UC research in the Grand Canyon's Upper Basin.
Using several years' worth of surveys, satellite images and data, GPS data, Google Earth data and his own months-long work in the region, Washam found that his study area in the Grand Canyon is being safeguarded and protected. However, that is not the case in his study area in the Kaibab National Forest.
He explained that a number of factors work in favor of preservation and protection of the dense archaeological record within the Grand Canyon National Park including
- An access point that requires visitors to funnel through a single main entrance where interaction with park rangers and other personnel is routine.
- Strict environmental and preservation policies are enforced by several park rangers and other personnel as well as by tourists themselves, especially those regarding where visitors may and may not go.
- In addition, signage clearly indicates areas that are accessible to visitors: interpretive centers, trails, picnic areas and parking lots.
- Visitors are permitted into the study area for day use only.
Said Washam, "From the moment a visitor enters the Grand Canyon by the main gateway, he or she interacts with the official face of the park in the form of rangers and other personnel. It's clearly communicated to enjoy, view but don't disturb or touch the off-limits protected areas. This is still the case even though budgets have been frozen at a 2009 level."
However, differing policies and fewer available protective resources mean that archaeological sites and finds in Kaibab National Park have greater likelihood for destruction. For instance, evidence abounds that stones and beams used for prehistoric pueblo construction have been routinely -- if unknowingly -- removed and used for modern outdoor campfires. This exposure to the campfire makes chemical analysis of archaeological remains problematic.
The forest's environmental and archaeological sites are vulnerable for a number of reasons. These include
- No single access point into the forest where visitors must interact with Forest Service personnel. Instead, many roads provide access.
- Extensive wood cutting, hunting, camping, back packing and off-road vehicle use is permitted. All of these activities are in an area where concentrations of archaeological sites are dense, as dense as those found within the nearby Grand Canyon National Park, which increases likelihood that visitors will come into contact with cultural resources.
- One lone Forest Service ranger and a handful of Forest Protection officers are responsible for overseeing that Kaibab's rules and regulations are followed by visitors. However, due to the multiple access roads into the forest, the preserve's personnel may have little to no interaction with most users and visitors.
For instance, Washam's research points to one wood-cutting area of the forest that encompassed 30 acres of felled trees in 2006. In 2012, that same area encompassed 65 acres of felled trees. Almost half of that increase took place in the last two years.
This matters because when users log (or campers or drivers use) the area, they can inadvertently or unknowingly remove, use or damage historical structures and remains, such as the remains of ancient human habitations. "It dramatically changes the archaeological record and hinders archaeologists' ability to accurately size up extant cultural resources and ancient behavior," Washam stated.
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Story Source:
The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Cincinnati. The original article was written by M.B. Reilly.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/QfL_JtOFibc/130402150153.htm
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Small business marketing in the online world | BuildMyBiz News
April 1, 2013 in Starting a Business
Most small businesses don?t utilize online promotion. According to The Boston Consulting Group, only 3 percent of the average small business marketing budget goes to online advertising. The online medium has been shunned by small companies despite its global and comprehensive reach.
Understandably, it can be difficult for main street owners to keep tabs on their online presence. It?s an ever-changing landscape that can often be difficult to manage. However,?entrepreneurs can do several things?to promote their small business.
Manage ads
One tip is to use online ad-management tools. Companies like Pricing Engine help sort through the data to determine which ads, on which platforms, are working the best to promote your business. It monitors online ads for small businesses and provides feedback in the form of letter grades based on how effective each ad has been at reaching a desired audience.
Stick with one name
As for managing a general online presence, keeping things consistent can help businesses stick out on search engine results and show up above the competition. Any mention of a particular business should, on a company website or social media, be the same. For example, ?Joe?s Quality Tire Shop? should always be cited that way. Alternate listings such as ?Joe?s Tire? or ?Quality Tire Shop,? are not acceptable. The key is to make a business easily identifiable. Consistency will make that happen, and could increase small business sales.
Blog often
Another strategy many small businesses can use to stick out online is creating a blog. Constant updates add content to a company website and offer customers an interactive voice that they appreciate.
Display contact info
On the practical front, making sure both a businesses phone number and address are prominently displayed on a company website or social media page is key. Surprisingly, some businesses fail to do this and?get caught up in other aspects of online marketing. After all, there isn?t much point in marketing if customers can?t contact a business.
Keep it simple
Most small business owners don?t have the time or money to spare on crafting elaborate websites. Even if they do, they are often overdone or appear unprofessional, as they are often under funded. Coming off as simple shouldn?t be labeled dull. Instead, think of simple as clean and streamlined, as customers probably will as well.
BuildMyBiz is a one-stop online resource for owners who want to learn more about a variety of topics, including information about small business funding, small business marketing tips and other elements.
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Source: http://buildmybiz.com/small-business-marketing-in-the-online-world/
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Monday, 1 April 2013
Congestion in Earth's mantle: Mineralogists explain why plate tectonics stagnates in some places
Mar. 31, 2013 ? Earth is dynamic. What we perceive as solid ground beneath our feet, is in reality constantly changing. In the space of a year Africa and America are drifting apart at the back of the Middle Atlantic for some centimeters while the floor of the Pacific Ocean is subducted underneath the South American Continent. "In 100 million years' time Africa will be pulled apart and North Australia will be at the equator," says Prof. Dr. Falko Langenhorst from the Friedrich Schiller University Jena (Germany). Plate tectonics is leading to a permanent renewal of the ocean floors, the mineralogist explains. The gaps between the drifting slabs are being filled up by rising melt, solidifying to new oceanic crust. In other regions the slabs dive into the deep interior of Earth and mix with the surrounding Earth's mantle.
Earth is the only planet in our solar system, conducting such a 'facelift' on a regular basis. But the continuous up and down on Earth's crust doesn't run smoothly everywhere. "Seismic measurements show that in some mantle regions, where one slab is subducted underneath another one, the movement stagnates, as soon as the rocks have reached a certain depth," says Prof. Langenhorst. The causes of the 'congestion' of the subducted plate are still unknown. In the current issue of Nature Geoscience, Prof. Langenhorst and earth scientists of Bayreuth University now explain the phenomenon for the first time.
According to this, the rocks of the submerging ocean plate pond at a depth of 440 to 650 kilometers -- in the transition zone between the upper and the lower Earth mantle. "The reason for that can be found in the slow diffusion and transformation of mineral components," mineralogist Langenhorst explains. On the basis of high pressure experiments the scientists were able to clarify things: under the given pressure and temperature in this depth, the exchange of elements between the main minerals of the subducted ocean plate -- pyroxene and garnet -- is slowed down to an extreme extent. "The diffusion of a pyroxene-component in garnet is so slow, that the submerging rocks don't become denser and heavier, and therefore stagnate," the Jena scientist says.
Interestingly there is congestion in Earth's mantle exactly where the ocean floor submerges particularly fast into the interior of Earth. "In the Tonga rift off Japan for example, the speed of subduction is very high," Prof. Langenhorst states. Thereby the submerging rocks of the oceanic plate stay relatively cold up to great depth, which makes the exchange of elements between the mineral components exceptionally difficult. "It takes about 100 Million years for pyroxene crystals which are only 1 mm in size to diffuse into the garnet. For this amount of time the submerging plate stagnates," Langenhorst describes the rock congestion. It can probably only diffuse at the boundary of the lower Earth mantle. Because then pyroxene changes into the mineral akimotoite due to the higher pressure in the depth of 650 kilometers. "This could lead to an immediate rise in the rock density and would enable the submerging into greater depths."
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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Friedrich-Schiller-Universitaet Jena.
Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.
Journal Reference:
- W. L. van Mierlo, F. Langenhorst, D. J. Frost, D. C. Rubie. Stagnation of subducting slabs in the transition zone due to slow diffusion in majoritic garnet. Nature Geoscience, 2013; DOI: 10.1038/NGEO1772
Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.
Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.
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NKorea's parliament meets amid nuclear tension
South Koreans wait to leave for the North Korean city of Kaesong at the Inter-Korea Transit Office in Paju, South Korea, near the border village of Panmunjom, Monday, April 1, 2013. North Korea warned South Korea on Saturday that the Korean Peninsula had entered "a state of war" and threatened to shut down a border factory complex that's the last major symbol of inter-Korean cooperation. The writing at right reads " Departure and Kaesong." (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
South Koreans wait to leave for the North Korean city of Kaesong at the Inter-Korea Transit Office in Paju, South Korea, near the border village of Panmunjom, Monday, April 1, 2013. North Korea warned South Korea on Saturday that the Korean Peninsula had entered "a state of war" and threatened to shut down a border factory complex that's the last major symbol of inter-Korean cooperation. The writing at right reads " Departure and Kaesong." (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
South Koreans wait to leave for the North Korean city of Kaesong at the Inter-Korea Transit Office in Paju, South Korea, near the border village of Panmunjom, Monday, April 1, 2013. North Korea warned South Korea on Saturday that the Korean Peninsula had entered "a state of war" and threatened to shut down a border factory complex that's the last major symbol of inter-Korean cooperation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
South Korean Army soldiers patrol along a barbed-wire fence near the border village of Panmunjom in Paju, South Korea, Sunday, March 31, 2013. North Korea warned South Korea on Saturday that the Korean Peninsula had entered "a state of war" and threatened to shut down a border factory complex that's the last major symbol of inter-Korean cooperation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
South Korean Army soldiers patrol along a barbed-wire fence near the border village of Panmunjom in Paju, South Korea, Sunday, March 31, 2013. North Korea warned South Korea on Saturday that the Korean Peninsula had entered "a state of war" and threatened to shut down a border factory complex that's the last major symbol of inter-Korean cooperation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
South Korean vehicles head to the North Korean city of Kaesong at the customs, immigration and quarantine office in Paju, South Korea, near the border village of Panmunjom, Monday, April 1, 2013. North Korea warned South Korea on Saturday that the Korean Peninsula had entered "a state of war" and threatened to shut down a border factory complex that's the last major symbol of inter-Korean cooperation. (AP Photo/Ahn Young-joon)
SEOUL, South Korea (AP) ? After weeks of war-like rhetoric, North Korean leader Kim Jong Un gathered legislators Monday for an annual spring parliamentary session taking place one day after top party officials adopted a statement declaring building nuclear weapons and the economy the nation's top priorities.
The meeting of the Supreme People's Assembly follows near-daily threats from Pyongyang, including vows of nuclear strikes on South Korea and the U.S.
Pyongyang has reacted with anger over routine U.S.-South Korean military drills and a new round of U.N. and U.S. sanctions that followed its Feb. 12 underground nuclear test, the country's third. Analysts see a full-scale North Korean attack as unlikely and say the threats are more likely efforts to provoke softer policies toward Pyongyang from a new government in Seoul, to win diplomatic talks with Washington and to solidify the young North Korean leader's military credentials at home.
On Sunday, Kim and top party officials adopted a declaration calling nuclear weapons the "the nation's life" and an important component of its defense, an asset that wouldn't be traded even for "billions of dollars." Pyongyang cites the U.S. military presence in South Korea as a main reason behind its drive to build missiles and atomic weapons. The U.S. has stationed tens of thousands of troops in South Korea since the Korean War ended in a truce in 1953.
North Korea also has threatened in recent days to shut down a jointly run factory complex in the North ? the last remaining symbol of inter-Korean rapprochement. But officials in Seoul say hundreds of workers traveled as usual across the heavily armed border to the North Korean factory Monday as they have throughout the rising tensions.
"I have no idea about what it will be like when I go to the North Korean side. It seems OK to be here, but we will be living there in a tense situation for a week," Kim Won-soo, a South Korean manager working in Kaesong, said before his departure Monday from Paju, South Korea.
White House press secretary Jay Carney said Monday the U.S. has not detected any military mobilization or repositioning of forces from Pyongyang to back up the threats.
While analysts call North Korea's threats largely brinkmanship, there is some fear that a localized skirmish might escalate. Seoul has vowed to respond harshly should North Korea provoke its military. Naval skirmishes in disputed Yellow Sea waters off the Korean coast have led to bloody battles several times over the years. Attacks blamed on Pyongyang in 2010 killed 50 South Koreans.
South Korea's new president, Park Geun-hye, is pursuing a policy that seeks to re-engage North Korea with dialogue and aid after five years of standoff. But she told her military Monday to set aside political considerations and respond strongly should North Korea attack.
Meanwhile, deputies to North Korea's Supreme People's Assembly gathered in Pyongyang. The SPA schedule Monday was unclear.
Under late leader Kim Jong Il, North Korea had typically held a parliamentary meeting once a year. But Kim Jong Un held an unusual second session last September in a sign that he is trying to run the country differently from his father, who died in late 2011.
Parliament sessions, which usually are held to approve personnel changes and budget and fiscal plans, are scrutinized by the outside world for signs of key changes in policy and leadership.
At a session last April, Kim was made first chairman of the powerful National Defense Commission, the body's top post.
On Sunday, Kim presided over a separate plenary meeting of the Central Committee of the ruling Workers' Party, which set a "new strategic line" calling for building both a stronger economy and nuclear arsenal.
North Korea's nuclear weapons are a "treasure of a reunified country" not to be traded for "billions of dollars," according to a statement issued by state media after the meeting. North Korea's "nuclear armed forces represent the nation's life, which can never be abandoned as long as the imperialists and nuclear threats exist on earth."
Sunday marked the first time for Kim to preside over the committee meeting, a top decision-making body tasked with organizing and guiding the party's major projects. The last plenary session was held in 2010, according to Seoul's Unification Ministry, and before that in 1993.
The plenary statement also called for strengthening the moribund economy, which Kim has put an emphasis on in his public statements since taking power. The U.N. says two-thirds of the country's 24 million people face regular food shortages.
The North also named former Prime Minister Pak Pong Ju as a member of the party central committee's powerful Political Bureau, a sign that he could again play a key role in the North's economic policymaking process. Pak reportedly was sacked as premier in 2007 after proposing a wage system seen as too similar to U.S.-style capitalism.
Pak is reform-minded and his promotion sets him up for further advancement and "for him to take the lead in the North's economic policies," said Cheong Seong-jang at South Korea's Sejong Institute.
___
Follow Foster Klug at www.twitter.com/APKlug.
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Hamas says in final round of leadership vote
CAIRO (AP) ? Senior Hamas figures gathered for the last stage of internal elections on Monday in Cairo, where two officials in the Islamic militant movement said a new leader may be announced later in the day.
Qatar-based Khaled Mashaal, who has run the Palestinian movement since 1996, is seen as the front-runner. Mashaal, 56, is backed by regional powers Qatar, Turkey and Egypt.
His re-election could revive stalled reconciliation efforts between Hamas and political rival Mahmoud Abbas, the Western-backed Palestinian president.
Hamas seized the Gaza Strip from Abbas by force in 2007, leaving Abbas with a self-rule government, the Palestinian Authority, in parts of the West Bank. Both sides have become entrenched in their territories, hampering reconciliation.
Mashaal has pushed for reconciliation, but has been blocked by Hamas hardliners in Gaza who fear a unity deal will give Abbas a new foothold in Gaza and weaken Hamas' grip on the territory.
Last year, Mashaal and Abbas, who have cordial relations, reached a deal whereby Abbas would head an interim government of technocrats in the West Bank and Gaza. This government would have paved the way for general elections.
However, the deal never got off the ground because of opposition from Hamas leaders in Gaza and senior figures in Abbas' Fatah movement.
Last week, the emir of Qatar proposed holding a reconciliation conference in Egypt in the coming weeks to set up a timetable for forming the interim government and holding elections.
Asked about the conference Monday, Abbas seemed ambivalent. Speaking in the West Bank city of Ramallah, he said he would attend such a conference if invited, but that "in principle, there are no problems between us that require all these efforts."
Hamas' internal elections, meanwhile, have dragged on for a year, in part because of logistics problems, including the difficulties of voting in the Israeli-controlled West Bank. Israel, the United States and Europe consider Hamas a terrorist organization.
The secretive movement was founded in Gaza in 1987 as an offshoot of the region's Egyptian-founded Muslim Brotherhood. Hamas leaders, including Mashaal, refuse to recognize Israel or denounce violence, Western conditions for ending a boycott of Hamas.
Still, Mashaal appears to have adopted a more pragmatic stance in recent years, expressing support for a Palestinian state in the West Bank, Gaza and east Jerusalem, lands Israel occupied in 1967. He has also agreed that a Palestinian interim government could follow the political program of Abbas who has negotiated the terms of a Palestinian state with Israeli leaders in the past.
Two Hamas officials said the vote for a new leader was likely to be held Monday evening. Mashaal's deputy, Moussa Abu Marzouk, is also among those considered for the post.
They spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not allowed to talk about the movement's secret election.
Hamas has four components ? activists in Gaza, in the West Bank, in exile and those imprisoned by Israel. Each of the four groups chooses local leaders as well as delegates to an overall Shura Council. This council selects a decision-making political bureau and the head of that body ? the stage now under way in Cairo.
___
Associated Press writer Karin Laub in Ramallah, West Bank, contributed reporting.
Source: http://news.yahoo.com/hamas-says-final-round-leadership-vote-162601757.html
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Advice On How To Become A Better Person | MySpareTime.net
Self-betterment can truly transform your life in a positive way. If you like the sound of that, then you might be wondering where to start. This article offers proven advice for creating your own successful self improvement plan.
A positive attitude will do wonders for your personal growth. Bad attitudes usually lead you to some place you would rather not be and nearly always impede progress. Stay positive and keep telling yourself that a pleasant, upbeat attitude is the way to reach your goals.
Have specific personal development goals that you can succeed with. If you have specific goals in mind, you will be better able to break down the path to accomplish this feat. This will make it simpler to overcome obstacles and you will be able to enjoy success.
When you are angry, count to ten before saying anything. Think of something that is calming and take a breath. Picture yourself remaining calm and saying only what you will not regret.
TIP! Not only is getting organized an achievement in itself, but it will help you to meet other goals faster. When you can break down your goals, it becomes much easier to achieve them.Instead of bragging abut your achievements and awards, ask other people about what they have accomplished that they are most proud of. You?ll be able to find out about the wonderful things the people you know have accomplished, bringing about a new-found respect and admiration for them.
How healthy your body is, affects how healthy your mind is. Exercise on a regular basis, and eat a healthy diet filled with nutritious foods. Remember, a healthy, fit body can contribute to a healthy mind.
Improving your health is something that will take you far on your journey of self improvement. Everyone feels better when they in are healthy. A healthy lifestyle can make you feel wonderful and allow you to save money that would be otherwise spent on medical problems. Make a goal to improve your fitness and make healthy choices.
A good character trait is being humble. In the grand scheme of things, we are relatively insignificant. Everyone has the responsibility to learn and grow and we need to support each other in this quest. You?ll be open to more opportunities if you know this. Having an open mind to new situations will show you how much more there is to know.
TIP! Write a personalized affirmation. List the things that you love about yourself on a postcard.Don?t seek comfort in the shopping mall. Shopping your stress away, or ?retail therapy? as some people say, is really more of a stress inducer, because it distracts you from the stress for a while but it all comes back with big bills and interest charges when the bills come in.
Silence your worries. It is often the case that the things you spend time worrying about will never actually occur. Think about the worst possible outcome, and then find a way to deal with that situation. This will help you feel prepared in the event of a tragedy but also keep living your life.
Building a better you starts with building leadership tendencies. Leadership can be defined in many ways, but most people like to define it as ?influence.? Understand the events in your life that make up your leadership journey. What experiences have had the greatest impact on your life? How did you use those events to better yourself? What skills would you contribute to a group? By carefully evaluating these questions, you can increase your awareness of your ability to function well in a team setting.
Often, the enemy of happiness is stress. Being subjected to sustained and extreme stress can have negative mental and physical repercussions. Getting rid of the stress that is in our minds is how we can think more clearly so that we can reach our goals. Set aside time daily to relax and be by yourself. This peaceful mental relaxation will refresh your mind, and improve your inner self.
TIP! Find books that inspire you. Such texts might include religious scripture, inspirational books, poetry and other forms of writing.
As this article has discussed, to help yourself you need to research, work and to make an effort to start changing your life today. Plus, you need to stick with your plans and have a lot of perseverance if you want to continue seeing the results roll in. You will find a great sense of accomplishment if you follow some of the wonderful tips above.
Read the following article, you might find it very interesting!
Are You Studying Relationship Psychology?
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Source: http://mysparetime.net/advice-on-how-to-become-a-better-person/
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